| NEED AND CONTEXT | | | | education (Grades 4-6), Third level - |
| | | | secondary education (Grades 1-3) and Fourth |
| It has been observed that the recent economic | | | | level - secondary education (Grades 4-6). It |
| growth in the Asian cities indicate that | | | | is too late to start from Third level - |
| there has been a breakdown of traditional | | | | secondary education (Grades 1-3) in Thailand |
| support systems such as the family because of | | | | thus; the Ministry of Education has to |
| rapid urbanization and modernization. | | | | prepare a new policy to put this subject at |
| Moreover, a large number of people are living | | | | the Basic Education Curriculum Standard as |
| below the poverty line in impoverished | | | | soon as possible. |
| environment in urban and rural communities. | | | | |
| Their acute needs for housing, food, health, | | | | 4. It appears that in Thailand media has |
| education, and incomes are the very forces | | | | caused a change in sex related values among |
| that push adolescents to look for a means of | | | | adolescents. With the misuse of Internet in |
| livelihood on the streets, engage in | | | | getting information on sex related issue |
| prostitution, be hooked up with crime/drug | | | | supplemented by the use of Cell phone, TV, |
| syndicates, or become victims of sexual and | | | | VCD, DVD and booklets is increasing Crime |
| physical abuse. It is a battle of bare | | | | problems of sexually abused. Thus, the |
| struggle for daily survival and contributes | | | | qualities of the textbooks or booklets to be |
| in every ways they can. Any measure to | | | | distributed to the adolescents. |
| penalize parents of such children will only | | | | |
| result in further abuse and oppression of | | | | TABLE |
| people who are already disadvantaged. Such | | | | |
| children struggle hard in getting the most | | | | ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
| essential requirements to meet the basic | | | | |
| needs of life and such children need special | | | | I thank to Dr. Y. N. Sridhar, Guide of |
| attention and educational intervention. | | | | Research for me. I would like too many |
| These disadvantaged adolescents are generally | | | | helpful and thank the following students, Mr. |
| malnourished and often anemic; many of them | | | | Kasame Sakonllapap, Mr. Santi Jongkongka, Mr. |
| physically stunted, suffer psychologically | | | | Prasarn Ruansang and people for their |
| from undue family pressures and abuses and | | | | supported. I thankfulness to Father Carlo |
| are neglected at home. They tend to develop | | | | Luzzi, Mother Elisa Cavana, Father Niphot |
| low self-esteem from broken families, | | | | Thiengwiharn and my family, for contributing |
| single-headed households because of the | | | | to this study by providing funding. |
| death, separation, or labor migration of one | | | | |
| of their parents. Moreover, they live in | | | | REFERENCE |
| slums and squatter communities, sub-human | | | | |
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| access to good education. It is therefore | | | | Enlightening.pdf |
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| the largest portion of the world's population | | | | |
| and have been on an increasing trend and | | | | 4. APPENDIX A: Country Summaries, Health and |
| there are "230 million Indian adolescent in | | | | Education needs of Ethnic Minorities in the |
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| and Health IndoShare, 2006). Moreover, it is | | | | 10-11. (Copyright) |
| expected that this age group will continue to | | | | |
| grow reaching over "214 million by 2020" | | | | 5. A.G. Sathe and Shanta Sathe. Pune, India. |
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| demographic trends indicate deep-rooted | | | | 7. C.P. González-Camacho (Mexico), J. U. |
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| changes that have been affecting Indian and | | | | |
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| greater than ever before, arising from broken | | | | |
| families or from families which faille to | | | | 18. Eastern Child Welfare Protection Home. |
| inculcate morals in their children because | | | | Available from: URL: geocities.com |
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| violent society in Thailand (Aphaluck | | | | 19. Father Carlo Luzzi. The Hill Tribes |
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| | | | |
| With the best intention and efforts of the | | | | 20. Father Komkrit Anamnat. The disadvantaged |
| education as a social instrument, it is | | | | students in Nuchanat Ansorn School. Available |
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| disadvantaged population. Among the several | | | | |
| types of disadvantaged adolescents, | | | | 21. Father Niphot Thiengwiharn. Yong People |
| Adolescents forced to enter the labour | | | | Development. Doi Sa Kuat, Chaing Mai, |
| market, adolescents affected by HIV/AIDS and | | | | Thailand. 10 December 2006. (Not copyright). |
| adolescents affected by narcotic drugs need | | | | |
| special attention. They have trouble in | | | | 22. Foundation for the Better Life of |
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| counseling to become aware of the ill effects | | | | 23. Global March Against Child Labour. |
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| It may not be possible to develop awareness | | | | 2004. Available from: URL: Worldcongress/ |
| in the expected manner through normal school | | | | gaw |
| curriculums. Hence, a separate educational | | | | |
| intervention, which is nothing but a planned | | | | 2004.php. |
| programme of educational guidance, organized | | | | |
| to meet the scientific and psychological | | | | 24. International Bureau for Children' |
| needs of disadvantaged adolescents in the age | | | | Rights. Making Children's Rights Work: |
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| adjustment of disadvantaged adolescents and | | | | |
| to find out the impact of a structured | | | | 25. Kittisak Ketunuti. A development of a |
| educational intervention programme in | | | | parent education program providing Home-based |
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| | | | |
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| adolescents in Northern India and Thailand. | | | | 27. IIPS. National Family Health Survey |
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| knowledge about the process of growing up, | | | | |
| HIV/AIDS awareness, values and attitude of | | | | 28. Kasame Sakonllapap. Yong People in |
| teen-age students staying in the schools. | | | | Bangkok, Thailand. 9 November 2006. (Not |
| Reproductive health education is a key | | | | copyright). |
| strategy for promoting preventive measures | | | | |
| among teenagers. | | | | 29. Laddawan Chanvititkul. The Effectiveness |
| | | | of Counseling Intervention as Health |
| METHOS | | | | Education Program on Self-Care Behavior among |
| | | | Hypertensive Patient Attending Service at |
| The sample for the study consisted of 225 | | | | Charoenkrungpracharak Hospital |
| disadvantaged adolescents who included 125 | | | | (dissertation). Bangkok (Thailand). Mahidol |
| adolescents from India (Chennai Himmat Slum | | | | Univ.; 1995. |
| area, Jammu region) and Thailand (Yong People | | | | |
| Develop Chiang Mai and Teresa Anusorn | | | | 30. Ministry of Social Development and Human |
| Foundation (Ban Teresa) Chiang Rai, | | | | Security. A target of Society, Bangkok, |
| Province). The sample populations of | | | | Thailand. 1999. Available from: URL: go.th |
| disadvantaged adolescents are residents of | | | | |
| orphanages and slum area and studying in high | | | | 31. Maha Chakri Sirindhon, H.R.H. Princess. |
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| to 16 years. Data was collected by | | | | the 15th Annual Princess Maha Chakri |
| administering knowledge test consisted of | | | | Sirindhorn Day, (Prasarnmit branch), Bangkok, |
| items on process of growing up HIV/AIDS, | | | | Thailand, Srinakarinwirot Univ.; 2001 |
| reproductive organs and their functions | | | | November 12, p: 7-29 |
| family planning and parenting and attitude | | | | |
| scale to measure beliefs and practices about | | | | 32. Mother Elisa Cavana. The Hill Tribes |
| sexuality and abstinence. An experimental | | | | Disadvantaged in Northern, Thailand from |
| design consisted of experimental and control | | | | Teresa Anusorn Foundation (Ban Teresa), Winag |
| group was formed. Questionnaires were | | | | Pa Pow, Chaing Rai. 20-30 October 2006. (Not |
| translated from English to Hindi and Thai, | | | | copyright). |
| (mother tongue of the respondent), then back | | | | |
| in to English to ensure that no meaning was | | | | 33. National Statistical Office. Report of |
| lost in translation. There were use two | | | | the Labor Force Survey Whole Kingdom (Round |
| groups of learner: both the groups were given | | | | 4: October-December), Bangkok, Thailand. |
| Pre-Test as well as Post-Test, where | | | | 2003. (Copyright) |
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| programme and control group was not be given | | | | 34. Niklaus Steiner. Available from: URL: |
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| | | | 35. Nichet Sunthornpitak and Kanokkorn |
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| disadvantaged adolescents from there house at | | | | |
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| | | | Bangkok, Thailand. Mahidol Univ.; 1999. |
| Second state, in Thailand country: 125 | | | | |
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| disadvantaged adolescent of two orphanages, I | | | | foundation.htm |
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| | | | 38. Parwej Saroj, Kumar Rajesh, Walia |
| Intervention / Treatment Programme | | | | Indarjeet, Aggarwal Arun K. Available from: |
| | | | URL: 5456;year=2005;volume=72;issue=4; |
| Experts: Facilitators who were willing to | | | | spage=287;epage=291;aulast=Parwej/ |
| participate in the study were invited for | | | | |
| receiving community sensitization, booklet | | | | 39. Population and Health IndoShare. A |
| distribution, and CD training; | | | | Socio-Medical Assessment of the Sexual and |
| | | | Reproductive Heath of Adolescents in Bihar. |
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| inmates) belonging to Channai Himmat, Slum | | | | |
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| programme practiced the activities to develop | | | | Thailand (dissertation). Mahidol Univ.; |
| the knowledge level and the attitude about | | | | 2001. |
| HIV/AIDS, drug abuse and reproductive health | | | | |
| education | | | | 43. Santi Jongkongka. The disadvantaged |
| | | | children in Jammu. 29 March 2007. (Not |
| In the afternoon until evening: the revised | | | | copyright). |
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| experimental group in 3 sessions as: (a) the | | | | 44. S.D. Gupta. Adolescent Reproductive |
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| | | | |
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| An educational intervention programme | | | | cilab.ied.edu.hk/clprogram/icp |
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| group. Universals and multivariate analysis | | | | |
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| of change in knowledge and attitude. | | | | 47. Thai Education History. Available from: |
| Significant changes in terms of gain between | | | | URL: |
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| | | | 48. Thai Post Newspaper. Thai's family |
| Analysis | | | | crisis, the moment has arrived to appoint of |
| | | | Government of Thailand. 2005. Available from: |
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| entered and analyzed using SPSS. After | | | | |
| verification and reduction of data, | | | | 49. Thailand. Library of Congress - Federal |
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| interventions and to identify other | | | | 50. Thongbai Thongpao. Save our youth from |
| predictors of change in knowledge and | | | | sin. 2002. Available from: URL: |
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| | | | |
| FINDINGS | | | | 54. The Express Transportation Organization |
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| Thai respondent questionnaires is shown the | | | | Available from: URL: dopa.go.th/ stat/y_ |
| relationships between demographic | | | | stat48.html |
| characteristics of Indian and Thai were | | | | |
| founds Indian boys (54.40%) less than Thai | | | | 55. The Nation, Newspaper (daily). RCA tops |
| boys (56%), and Indian girls (45.60%) more | | | | list of Bangkok nightspots for young |
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| of Indian and Thai 15 years old, and the same | | | | (Copyright). |
| of the secondary school of Indian: (Standard: | | | | |
| 9) and Thai: (Grades 3), had significant .05 | | | | 56. The Post Newspaper. An Economic review, |
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| | | | (Copyright). |
| Answers were grouped in comparing scores from | | | | |
| Indian and Thai disadvantage adolescent after | | | | 57. The Thai Health Promotion Foundation. |
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| attitude about HIV/AIDS, drug abuse and | | | | thaiyouth_67.html |
| reproductive health education, all | | | | |
| participating (N= 200) were group interviewed | | | | 58. The Office of the Education Council. |
| and after the intervention had significant | | | | Education in Thailand. Bangkok: Amarin |
| difference is (0.05), are shown in Table | | | | Printing and Publishing, Ministry of |
| 2-16. | | | | Education, Thailand. 2004 ISBN 379-5930-32-E, |
| | | | p: 23-26 |
| The findings also revealed significant | | | | |
| differences between boys and girls in | | | | 59. The Office of Welfare Promotion, |
| knowledge and attitude towards reproductive | | | | Protection and Empowerment of Vulnerable |
| health education. Implications of the study | | | | Groups. Thailand's Second Report. Available |
| for the awareness programmes were suggested. | | | | from: URL: |
| | | | |
| DISCUSSION | | | | 60. The Office of the National Education |
| | | | Commission Education in Thailand. Bangkok: |
| In many Northern states of India and | | | | Amarin Printing and Publishing. 1998. ISBN |
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| disadvantaged adolescents are either poorly | | | | 61. The World Bank (Thailand). Population by |
| understood or not fully appreciated. Evidence | | | | age and Sex. Youth in Numbers: East Asia and |
| is growing that this neglect can seriously | | | | the Pacific, Children and Youth - Human |
| jeopardize the HIV/AIDS, drug abuse and | | | | Development Hub, Children and Youth, HDNCY, |
| reproductive health education needs and | | | | Washington DC, USA. 2004 November, p: 4-5 |
| future well-being of them. | | | | |
| | | | 62. Teacher Chantana Rangsome. Street |
| The policies addressed the effectiveness of | | | | Children at Khon Khen, Thailand. 5 December |
| the programmed to highlights what there needs | | | | 2006. (Not copyright). |
| to be done to promote and protect to the | | | | |
| disadvantaged adolescent in India and | | | | 63. United Nations (UN). UN medium population |
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| reproductive health education appropriate in | | | | |
| Indian and Thai cultural and tradition. | | | | 64. UNICEF House. Working Children's Report. |
| Because of Indian and Thai culture and | | | | 3 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017. 2004; ISBN: |
| tradition, adolescents kept learning by them | | | | 92-806-3817-3, p: 2. (Copyright). |
| long time ago that, made them grow up in the | | | | |
| wrong life and have been against morality. | | | | 65. UNDP/ UNFPA/ WHO/ World Bank Special |
| | | | Programme of Research. Development and |
| Indian and Thai adolescent problems erupt | | | | Research Training in Human Reproduction |
| from families and by themselves after they | | | | (HRP). Progress in Reproductive Health of |
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| behavior and teach them about reproductive | | | | Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 2003; |
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